The world’s biggest historical emitter of greenhouse gases – the United States – opted to skip the two-week summit in the Amazon city of Belem.

The COP30 climate summit opened on Monday with the U.N. climate chief urging countries to cooperate rather than battle over priorities, as efforts to limit global warming are threatened by a fracturing international consensus.

Host country Brazil brokered a deal on the agenda for the two-week summit in the Amazon city of Belem, deflecting attempts by developing-country negotiating blocs to shoehorn contentious issues like climate finance and carbon taxes into the talks.

It was unclear whether countries would aim to negotiate a final agreement for the end of the event - a hard sell in a year of fractious global politics and U.S. efforts to obstruct a transition away from fossil fuels.

Some including Brazil have suggested that countries focus on smaller efforts that do not need consensus, such as deforestation, after years of COP summits making lofty promises only to leave many unfulfilled.

"In this arena of COP30, your job here is not to fight one another - your job here is to fight this climate crisis, together," U.N. Climate Change Executive Secretary Simon Stiell told delegates from more than 190 countries attending.

He said three decades of U.N. climate talks had helped to bend the curve in projected warming downward, "because of what was agreed in halls like this, with governments legislating, and markets responding. But I am not sugar-coating it. We have so much more work to do."

A new U.N. analysis of countries` emissions-cutting plans estimated that global greenhouse gases would decrease 12% by 2035 from 2019 levels, improving on an earlier estimate of 10% published last month.

The new figure takes into account the most recent pledges, including from China and the EU, but was still short of the 60% emissions drop needed by 2035 to limit global warming at 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial temperatures - the threshold beyond which scientists say climate change would unleash far more severe impacts.

Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva warned against interests trying to obscure the dangers of climate change.

"They attack the institutions, the science, the universities," he said. "It`s time to impose another defeat to denialists."

The world`s biggest historical emitter of greenhouse gases - the United States - opted to skip the summit; U.S. President Donald Trump falsely asserts that climate change is a hoax.

California Governor Gavin Newsom and New Mexico Governor Michelle Lujan Grisham were expected in Belem on Tuesday.

"What the hell is going on here?" Newsom said of the U.S. government`s absence from the talks, addressing a global investors summit held on Monday in Sao Paulo.

"We`re in Brazil, one of our great trading partners, one of the world`s great democracies. I mean, hell, home to all the rare earth metals we need. This is the country we should be engaging with instead of giving the middle finger with 50% tariffs," Newsom said, referring to duties imposed by the Trump administration.

COP30 President Andre Correa do Lago told a news conference: "I think that the absence of the U.S. ... has opened some space for the world to see what developing countries are doing."

Germany said European countries would push for commitments to rein in fossil fuel use - a goal promoted by Lula.

"We will advocate for something strong," German Vice Minister Jochen Flasbarth told Reuters. "We don`t want to go the same way of President Trump and accuse others of being wrong. We want to listen."

Brazilian Minister for Indigenous Peoples Sonia Guajajara (C) greets attendees at the COP30 UN Climate Change Conference following the opening ceremony in the Amazon city of Belem, Brazil on Nov. 10, 2025. Indigenous leaders attending the summit have demanded more say in how their territories are managed amid escalating climate change.Pablo Porciuncula/AFP via Getty Images

Warning Signs

Countries were joined by Indigenous leaders, who arrived on Sunday by boat after traveling some 3,000 km (1,864 miles) from the Andes. They are demanding more say in how their territories are managed as climate change escalates and industries such as mining, logging and oil drilling push deeper into forests.

"We want to make sure that they don`t keep promising, that they will start protecting, because we as Indigenous people are the ones who suffer from these impacts of climate change," said Pablo Inuma Flores, an Indigenous leader from Peru.

Scientists at dozens of universities and international science institutions sounded an alarm over the world`s thawing glaciers, ice sheets, and other frozen spaces.

"The cryosphere is destabilizing at an alarming pace," the groups said in a letter to COP30 published on Monday. "Geopolitical tensions or short-term national interests must not overshadow COP30. Climate change is the defining security and stability challenge of our time."